Physical Processes in the Thermal Vacuum System
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2022
Pages:
1-7
Received:
10 December 2021
Accepted:
29 December 2021
Published:
8 January 2022
Abstract: Physical processes occurring during dehydration of heterogeneous materials in a thermal vacuum system have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the thermal-vacuum method provides dehydration and simultaneous wet-stock dispersion due to thermal diffusion, shock-wave and ionization effects, thereby leading to formation of novel-type nanodispersed material at minimum energy input. In recent years the intensification of production processes, as well as the solution of energy- and resource-saving problems have taken on great significance. For the sake of dehydration working-cycle improvement, combination of several process procedures in a single installation is used, resulting in both the intensification of the production process and the reduction in capital expenditures. There are the facilities, where the simultaneous use of mechanical grinding operation and the drying process is practiced. In this case, a preheated air is used as a drying agent, and this considerably increases the energy demands of the technological process. This phenomenon is attributed to the impact action and friction of material particles against grinding surfaces of the mill, to the appearance of new surfaces at crushing, and also, to the dust-gas mixture turbulence in the mill working area. That requires substantial power consumption and prevents from obtaining the product with desirable indicators, in particular, the with dispersion and moisture content, which substantially affect the quality of materials produced from fine-grained products. The analysis of fine grinding methods has shown that the most rational method of material grinding is the combination of impact loads. The impact loads facilitate the structure destruction of wet stock, while the abrasion loads acting in the field of high turbulent flows lead to the material destruction. The aim of the present work has been to define the physical processes in the thermal vacuum system, which can efficiently provide dehydration along with simultaneous dispersion of wet material, yielding a dried and ground feedstock in a short span of time.
Abstract: Physical processes occurring during dehydration of heterogeneous materials in a thermal vacuum system have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the thermal-vacuum method provides dehydration and simultaneous wet-stock dispersion due to thermal diffusion, shock-wave and ionization effects, thereby leading to formation of novel-type nanodispe...
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The Calculation of Force in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2022
Pages:
8-23
Received:
14 December 2021
Accepted:
28 December 2021
Published:
15 February 2022
Abstract: Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental quantum field theory of quarks and gluons. To discuss it in a mathematically well-defined way, the theory has to be regularized by replacing space-time with a Euclidean lattice. This regularized theory, called lattice QCD (LQCD), has proven to be an efficient approach which allows for both theoretical understanding and computational analysis. LQCD has become a standard tool in elementary particle physics, which can be solved by the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The calculation of force is most difficult part in the hybrid Monte Carlo method. This lecture gives the details of the force calculation in one-loop Symanzik improved action, Wilson fermion with clover term, asqtad fermion, HISQ fermion, rooted staggered fermion, smeared fermion, staggered Wilson fermion, overlap fermion and domain wall fermion. The even-odd precondition are also considered in these calculations.
Abstract: Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental quantum field theory of quarks and gluons. To discuss it in a mathematically well-defined way, the theory has to be regularized by replacing space-time with a Euclidean lattice. This regularized theory, called lattice QCD (LQCD), has proven to be an efficient approach which allows for both theoretical...
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